Keywords: equalizer, signal integrity, NRZ, FR-4 PCBs, coaxial cable, passive networks, adaptive receive equalization, equalization, pre-emphasis, SONET, fiber channel, Ethernet, fibre channel, OC-48, OC-192, XGbE, 10G, FC systems, dielectric loss, skin effect Related Parts
APPLICATION NOTE 996
HFAN-06.0.1: Equalizing Gigabit-per-Second Signals on Copper Media
Mar 18, 2002
Abstract: Several equalizer techniques are available for achieving signal integrity in Gigabit-per-second NRZ links
on low-cost copper transmission line media, including FR-4 PCBs and coaxial cable. The most common
methods are passive networks, adaptive receive equalization, and pre-emphasis. Use of these techniques normally involves a number of important tradeoffs, including performance, flexibility, EMI/EMC, media cost, and compatibility with standard signal formats such as SONET, Fiber Channel and Ethernet. This note provides an overview and comparison of practical methods to equalize Gigabit-per-second NRZ
signals in applications, including OC-48/OC-192, XGbE and 10G FC systems, or anywhere dielectric loss
and skin effect create unacceptable amounts of intersymbol interference. The results are applicable to a
variety of interconnects, including backplanes, cable interconnects and 10G pluggable serial modules.
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APPLICATION NOTE 996: HFAN-06.0.1: Equalizing Gigabit-per-Second Signals on Copper Media